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| 1410 |
| | | Shah Rukh, son of Timur, begins rebuilding the city of Herat | |
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| c. 1450 |
| | | Herat, under Timurid princes, succeeds Tabriz as the main centre of Persian art | |
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| 1504 |
| | | Babur captures Kabul, making it and eastern Afghanistan the first possession of the Mughal empire | |
|  | Babur in a garden
Fotofile CG
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| 1543 |
| | | Humayun, driven west into Afghanistan by Sher Shah, loses his family's new inheritance in India | |
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| 1747 |
| | | A tribal leader, Ahmad Shah Abdali, is elected king of the Afghans in an event seen as the foundation of the Aghan nation | |
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| 1839 |
| | | A British army invades Afghanistan and instals a puppet ruler, Shuja Shah, as the Afghan amir | |
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| 1842 |
| | | The British abandon Kabul, losing most of the garrison force in the withdrawal to India and bringing to an end the first Anglo-Afghan war | |
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| 1878 |
| | | Three British armies invade Afghanistan, beginning the second Anglo-Afghan War | |
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| 1881 |
| | | The British withdraw from Afghanistan, having achieved nothing in the Second Anglo-Afghan War | |
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| 1919 |
| | | Afghanistan finally achieves international recognition as an independent nation | |
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